Revisão histórica e tecnológica das baterias enfatizando os modelos de lítio e desenvolvimento de um protótipo para o carregamento simultâneo de duas células de li-íon

Abstract

Over the past few years, the increasing adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles has drawn attention, largely due to the need to make transportation methods more sustainable. This growth has been made possible by technological advancements in electrochemical energy storage, with the introduction of lithium-ion models into the market since 1991. Prior to this technology, the secondary battery market was dominated by lead-acid and nickel-cadmium models. In comparison to these models, lithium-ion batteries represent a significant advancement, mainly by offering improved energy storage capacity in less weight and space. There are several lithium battery models categorized according to the donor material, each with its own characteristics. Similar to many countries, the Brazilian Association of Electric Vehicles affirms a notable growth in the electric and hybrid vehicle sector in Brazil. This progress drives the need for handling lithium-ion cells within the national territory, creating room for equipment dedicated to key testing processes, such as charging. This work provides a conceptual review of batteries, presenting the main terms of this sector and a historical review of the predominant chemical models in primary and secondary batteries over time, since the creation of the voltaic pile, with an emphasis on lithium-ion battery technology. Following this, it presents the design of a charge controller for lithium-ion cells capable of operating appropriately during the necessary stages for cell charging.