Biossegurança e risco de acidente biológico em profissionais de Enfermagem de um Hospital Escola

Abstract

Introduction: Occupational accidents involving biological material constitute an important public health problem among healthcare professionals, especially in hospital settings, due to the risk of exposure to potentially serious pathogens. Despite the existence of biosafety standards and protocols, the occurrence of such accidents remains high, often associated with low adherence to preventive measures, work overload, and weaknesses in the safety culture. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of occupational accidents involving biological material among healthcare professionals in a teaching hospital in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to develop an evidence-based educational material to support the improvement of knowledge and biosafety practices. Methodology: This study was conducted in two stages. The first consisted of a cross-sectional study with nursing professionals from a teaching hospital, in which sociodemographic questionnaires and structured instruments were applied to assess exposure to biological risks, with data analyzed using Stata software, version 14.0. The second stage consisted of a narrative literature review, conducted between September and November 2025, in the SciELO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Virtual Health Library databases, covering publications from 2015 to 2025, which supported the development of an educational folder aimed at preventing occupational accidents. Results: Among the 195 professionals evaluated, 27.2% reported accidents involving biological material, with a predominance among women and nursing technicians. The accidents were mainly percutaneous, primarily affecting the hands during venipuncture procedures, with blood being the main material involved. Although most participants reported knowledge of institutional protocols and had received training, shortcomings were observed in adherence to biosafety measures and post-exposure follow-up. Factors such as distraction, haste, and work overload were most frequently associated with these events. The literature review corroborated these findings, highlighting the high frequency of sharps-related accidents, underreporting, and the importance of educational strategies and strengthening the safety culture. Conclusion: Accidents involving biological material are related to occupational and behavioral factors, highlighting the need for continuous strategies in education, supervision, and promotion of safety in the workplace. The development of evidence-based educational material is a relevant tool for strengthening knowledge and adherence to biosafety practices, contributing to the protection of healthcare professionals and the quality of care.