Políticas industriais de fomento aos veículos elétricos: histórico e perspectivas para Brasil, Chile, China, Coreia do Sul e Estados Unidos

Abstract

Since the 1970s, in response to the oil shock and the climate conferences that began in Stockholm (1972), several countries have changed their attitude towards the use of oil and fossil derivatives. In the transport sector, which is responsible for approximately 22.4% of greenhouse gas emissions and uses about 60% of all oil consumed by countries (CLIMATEWATCH, 2022), the change that begins in the 1970s occurs through of the introduction of biofuels in some countries, such as Brazil, and in other countries by the (re)introduction of electrified vehicles in their fleets. The option for electric vehicles gains maturity and relevance in the markets at the beginning of the 21st century, having been accelerated after 2015, when the UN member countries make commitments to sustainability, and outline their plans in the form of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). They propose to reach, by the year 2030, more sustainable levels in its economic activities, with the electrification of fleets in the transport sector as the principal answer to decarbonize the economy and reduce oil consumption in most countries. In this sense, the present work has the main purpose of analyzing the industrial and innovation policies adopted in the automotive sector towards green mobility in selected countries (Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea and the United States), using, methodologically, the mechanism document analysis proposed by Bowen (2009). As a final result, a systematization of the main instruments of industrial and innovation policies used by the countries was elaborated, aiming to understand which, among the selected countries, are more active for the promotion of sustainable mobility.