Efeitos dos exercícios físicos na reatividade ao estresse e fatores que influenciam as respostas ao treinamento físicos em mulheres após a menopausa: hipertensão, isoflavonas e anti-hipertensivos

Abstract

Introduction: Postmenopausal women are at risk for cardiovascular disease. One of the strategies to prevent and treat these diseases is physical exercise. However, it is not known whether the different antihypertensive drugs can affect chronic responses to physical exercise. Furthermore, it is not known whether these responses remain in stressful situations after acute or chronic physical exercise. Objective: To investigate cardiovascular responses to physical exercise in daily and stressful situations, focusing on women after menopause. Methods: The present work will be presented in the format of six scientific articles. The texts were organized into three chapters with two studies each: Chapter 1) discusses the differences between normotensive and hypertensive women after menopause in chronic responses to combined physical exercise; Chapter 2) discusses the effects of phytoestrogens and antihypertensives on cardiovascular responses to chronic physical exercise in women after menopause; and Chapter 3) discusses the acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on hypertensive peaks under stress. Results: Among the main results, we highlight: 1) combined physical exercise can decrease blood pressure and improve heart rate modulation in postmenopausal women, regardless of the presence of hypertension; 2) supplementation with isoflavones does not promote additional effects to physical exercise on heart rate variability in post menopause women; 3) users of angiotensin receptor blockers have more pronounced favorable responses to combined physical training in waking systolic BP, while users of β-blockers have more evident responses in blood pressure variability; 4) Blood pressure reactivity does not differ between users of angiotensin receptor blockers and β-blockers after physical exercise training; and 5) both a single session and physical exercise training reduce BP reactivity to stress. Conclusions: Physical exercise is an effective strategy to promote cardiovascular health, both at rest and under stress, regardless of the presence of hypertension or the use of isoflavones, β-blockers or angiotensin receptor blockers.