Cuidado integral ao paciente cardíaco no pré-operatório: uma revisão de literatura

Abstract

This study presents a narrative literature review on the comprehensive care of cardiac patients in the preoperative period, analyzing relevant biological, psychological, social, and nutritional aspects that influence clinical outcomes. The research was conducted between August and October 2025 in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. A total of 30 articles, published between 2021 and 2025, were included in the analysis, from studies conducted in Germany, Brazil, Canada, China, United States of America, Greece, Netherlands, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Poland, United Kingdom, and Turkey. These articles were subdivided into eight thematic subgroups: frail patients and delirium prevention, patient prehabilitation for surgery, biological aspects relevant to the surgical procedure, social aspects to be considered in cardiac surgery, psychological and emotional aspects involved in the context of cardiac surgery, nutritional aspects in cardiac patients, guidelines and protocols, and the multiprofessional team in caring for cardiac patients. The analysis highlighted modifiable preoperative factors such as glycemic control, pain management, delirium prevention, nutritional status, and psychological support, as well as the importance of social dimensions, including socioeconomic and ethnic-racial aspects. The interdisciplinary integration of the multiprofessional team proved to be fundamental for individualized, comprehensive, and humanized therapeutic planning based on a patient-centered approach. The relevance of health education interventions for promoting autonomy, an active role and therapeutic adherence is discussed. In this sense, the revision and updating of guidance booklets for cardiac patients currently available at the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC-UFU), the practical setting of the author’s multiprofessional health residency, are suggested. In conclusion, the factors influencing the health-disease processes of cardiac patients go beyond the biological dimension, encompassing psychological, social, cultural, and nutritional aspects. Recognizing this complexity is essential to optimizing care for this population.