Atuação do enfermeiro frente ao extravasamento de agentes antineoplásicos: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

Introduction: Intravenous antineoplastic chemotherapy is one of the mainstays of cancer treatment; however, this treatment is associated with the risk of extravasation, which is characterized by the inadvertent escape of the antineoplastic agent into adjacent tissues. It is considered an oncological emergency due to its potential to cause from mild inflammatory reactions and ulcerations to tissue necrosis and loss of function. Objective: To identify in the literature the role of nurses in the prevention, identification, and management of extravasation of antineoplastic agents. Methods: This is an integrative literature review, with searches conducted in databases through the Virtual Health Library (VHL) and the National Library of Medicine (PubMed). Results: Fourteen publications were found that comprised this review, and four thematic categories emerged, representing the main components for addressing the event: primary prevention, early detection, immediate management, monitoring, and continuous improvement. It was identified that continuous training, the implementation of institutional protocols, the incorporation of preventive and diagnostic technologies, appropriate management, and longitudinal follow-up constitute essential pillars for minimizing extravasation and its outcomes. Conclusion: The nurse is the primary healthcare professional responsible for the prevention, early detection, and appropriate management of extravasation, ensuring safe and qualified care practices. Strengthening the nurse's competencies and standardizing care practices are essential to guarantee quality of care and safety for the oncology patient.