Regulamentação de sistemas híbridos fotovoltaico hidrelétrico: desafios globais, análise crítica e propostas de diretrizes para a construção de um marco regulatório no Brasil

Abstract

The study investigates the development of solar photovoltaic generation projects in Brazil and in the international context, encompassing Centralized Generation, Distributed Generation, and particularly their hybrid variants, with special emphasis on the complementarity between hydropower and solar sources. The work reviews the state of the art of solar-hydroelectric hybrid systems based on data updated through first semester of 2025, mapping both national and international experiences and highlighting operational gains such as reduced reservoir evaporation, increased capacity factors, and enhanced energy security. The analysis explores how public policies, economic and tariff incentives, and carbon credit instruments influence the adoption of these technologies, examining the main regulatory aspects governing both the installation of large-scale plants and the diffusion of decentralized and hybrid systems. Market trends and projections for installed capacity growth are discussed, as well as gaps in the legal and regulatory framework that may limit the consolidation of hybrid projects—whether in infrastructure sharing, energy accounting and settlement processes, or environmental licensing procedures. The study demonstrates that licensing and energy accounting for hybrid energy projects remain fragmented among different authorities, such as ANEEL, ANA, and IBAMA, and still lack specific rules for cost allocation and registration within the MRE framework. As a contribution, the research organizes dispersed statistics, identifies regulatory gaps, and proposes an integrated framework for licensing, complementary auctions, and long-term financial incentives, structuring strategic recommendations aimed at improving the regulatory environment and fostering competitiveness, innovation, and sustainability in hybrid generation. The results reinforce that the hydropower-solar hybrid modality is a viable and promising alternative for the sustainable development of the Brazilian electricity sector and for the advancement of renewable energies on a global scale.