Prematuridade em bebês negros: implicações para a saúde materno-infantil e o desenvolvimento na primeira infância

Abstract

Prematurity represents a significant challenge for neonatal health and child development, as preterm infants are at greater risk of medical complications and difficulties in cognitive, motor, and socioemotional domains. Evidence shows that racial belonging is a determinant for the occurrence of preterm births in Brazil, given the interaction of biological, socioeconomic, and racial factors. In this context, the present study aimed to identify the factors influencing prematurity and to analyze its impacts on the development of Black children during early childhood. A qualitative approach was employed, based on bibliographic research and analysis guided by the historical-cultural perspective. The research was conducted between February and August 2025 in databases such as SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using the descriptors: maternal and child health and Black women; prematurity and Black children; child development and Black children. Ten articles published between 2015 and 2025 were included. The findings indicate that Black women face a higher risk of preterm birth due to pre existing health conditions, low educational attainment, unequal access to healthcare services, and structural racism. As a result, Black preterm children experience vulnerabilities in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development, which are further aggravated by socioeconomic barriers and racism. Prevention and intervention strategies include public policies, early stimulation programs, multidisciplinary follow-up, and anti-racist practices that promote equity in maternal and child care. The study highlights the urgent need for integrated actions that are sensitive to racial issues in order to ensure the full and equitable development of Black preterm children.