Eficácia de Intervenções na Prevenção da Pré-eclâmpsia em Gestantes: Uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, representing a major public health concern. Despite scientific advances in understanding its pathophysiology, there are still challenges regarding the effectiveness and clinical application of preventive strategies. Objective: To analyze recent scientific evidence on the effectiveness of prevention methods for preeclampsia, highlighting the most effective interventions and their impact on maternal and fetal health. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and LILACS databases. Studies published between 2020 and 2024 were included, with a quantitative design (randomized clinical trials and cohort studies), free full-text access, and written in Portuguese or English. After screening and applying eligibility criteria, 12 studies were selected for final analysis. Results: The main preventive strategies identified were: low-dose acetylsalicylic acid, calcium supplementation, vitamins D and E, Mediterranean diet, L-arginine supplementation, and cell-free RNA (cfRNA) as a predictive biomarker. Acetylsalicylic acid and calcium supplementation showed strong evidence of efficacy in high-risk pregnancies. Nutritional strategies and vitamin D also proved beneficial. In contrast, excessive iron supplementation appeared as potentially harmful. L-arginine supplementation yielded promising results but was associated with mild adverse effects. CfRNA emerged as an innovative tool for early prediction of PE. Final considerations: Evidence supports the adoption of evidence-based preventive strategies, particularly pharmacological and nutritional interventions. Personalized clinical care and the incorporation of molecular prediction technologies represent promising approaches to reducing the incidence and adverse outcomes of preeclampsia.