Vigilância do câncer bucal na estratégia saúde da família rural: perfil socioprofissional/demográfico e uso das metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem

Abstract

The indicators of morbidity and mortality of oral cancer remain on the rise despite the advances obtained in the management of this disease, in an estimated of 15.190 new cases of lip and oral cavity cancer in 2022. Despite its identification being feasible, within the scope of primary health care and the high chance of control, the reason for this mismatch lies in late diagnosis. This fact is aggravated when we consider the most vulnerable communities, particularly in this study the rural communities, which are widely exposed to the risk factors of this disease, a historically disadvantaged scenario of care and effective actions of surveillance in health. This study aimed to understand the use of active teaching and learning methodologies (ATLM) in the fields of professional training and health education in oral cancer surveillance (OCS) in rural communities. It was used qualitative research supported by Action Research. The study encompassed three stages: (1) application of an online questionnaire (identification of the demographic and socio-professional profile, and interaction with oral cancer), with 44 respondents; (2) training with the participation of 14 workers from the Oral Health Family Teams (OHFT); and (3) health education, with 10 male adult participants from the rural community. For thematic analysis, one used the theoretical framework of the constructivist line of thought, on an andragogical basis - the ALTM. Total study participants were 54 subjects namely 44 workers and 10 users of Family Health Primary Care Strategy from the rural area of a medium sized municipality in Minas Gerais. The profile and interaction with the OCS, of the rural OHFT workers, presented the following prevalence: women; age range from 20 to 59 years old; 1 to 5 years of graduation; CLT jobs; less than 10 years of employment in the Public Unified Health System (SUS in Brazil); little work experience in the Family Health Strategy; monthly income inferior to 3 (three) minimum wages; work as a source of income and sustenance (not only personal but also familiar); basic knowledge of oral cancer and infrequent approach of the thematic. The hypothesis of frailty in the promotion of actions of OCS were confirmed and the potential of the ALTMs in professional training was revealed, pointing to the needed crossing from passive/transmissive teaching and learning practices to innovative/active methods, in the realm of professional training and health education. The employment of ALTM favored the development of educational strategies in the field of OCS with excellent acceptability from the OHFT workers and the rural community, that is, in the fields of professional training and health education.