Tendência temporal dos indicadores do estilo de vida de grávidas brasileiras na última década (2007 a 2017) e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon and should be seen as a healthy life experience that involves positive changes in lifestyle because both women and fetus can experience potential health risks. It is ideal to adopt a healthy diet and regular physical activity. Other behaviors should be avoided during pregnancy, such as tobacco use and alcohol consumption, as both are related to negative maternal and fetal outcomes. The analysis of lifestyle trend during pregnancy is relevant to assess and propose public policies aimed at maternal and child health. Objective: To analyze the trend of lifestyle indicators of pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals and Distrito Federal and its association with sociodemographic factors in the last decade (2007 to 2017). Methods: Time series study with data from annual cross-sectional surveys of the Surveillance System for risk and protection factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (VIGITEL) carried out between 2007 and 2017. Lifestyle indicators were: regular consumption (≥ 5x / week) of beans, vegetables (raw and cooked) chicken, meat, fruit, fruit juice, milk and soda, alcohol consumption and use of tobacco (yes /no), and physical activity (yes /no). Linear regression using variance-weighted least squares was used to obtain average annual variation (expressed in percentage points-p.p.) of lifestyle indicators and Poisson regression, to estimate prevalence ratio (PR), to verify the association of age, education, geographic region and work and lifestyle indicators. Results: There was an increase in chicken consumption (+ 0.74 p.p./year) and in physical activity practice (+ 1.36p.p./year) and reduction in soda consumption (-1.64 p.p./year) and tobacco use (-0.26 p.p./year). Among pregnant women over 20 years of age, there was a higher prevalence of vegetable consumption (PR=.19;95%CI=1.01;1.42), raw vegetables (PR=1.43; 95%CI=1,15; 1.78) and milk (PR=1.22; 95%CI=1.06;1.39), and

a lower prevalence of meat consumption (PR=0.84; 95%CI =0.70;0.99) and soda (PR=0.80; 95% CI = 0.62; 1.03). Pregnant women with nine to eleven and twelve or more or more years of schooling had, respectively, a higher prevalence of consumption of cooked vegetables (PR=1.28;95%CI=1.02; 1.60/ PR=1.70;95%CI=1.36;2.12) fruit (PR=1.17;95%CI=1.06;1.30/ PR=1.35;95%CI=1.22;1.49), physical activity (PR=1.71;95%CI=1.33;2.20/ PR=2.33;95%CI=1.82;2.99) and lower prevalence of meat consumption (PR=0.82;95%CI %=0.71;0.95/ PR=0.84;95%CI=0.72;0.97), chicken (PR= 0.72;95%CI=0.55;0.95/ PR=0,49;95%CI=0.36;0.67), soda (PR=0.78;95% CI=0.64;0.94/ PR=0.56;95%CI=0.45;0.70) and smoking (PR=0.21;95%CI=0.13;0.33/ PR=0.17;95%CI=0.10;0.29). Conclusions: Between 2007 and 2017, there was a favorable evolution to health due to the reduction of regular consumption of soda, smoking and increased practice of physical activity. Regardless of the year of the survey, a healthier lifestyle is prevalent in pregnant women over the age of 20 and with higher education.