A antropologia de Sartre. Gênese, teoria e método

Abstract

The given study approaches the Historical and Structural Anthropology elaborated by Jean-Paul Sarte, which is portrayed in his work The Problem of Method. This approach is originated from a thesis: Sartre’s intellectual pathway, since its earlybeginnings, discusses the possibility of comprehending the human being in a synthetic form. To enunciate how the given anthropology was developed, the line of thought was divided into six moments: Firstly, we described the genesis of this anthropology, recalling theoretical and methodological questions brought up by Sartre since the 1930s. We pay special attention to the psychological method, as well as the incapacity of human sciences, still underdeveloped at that time, of providing suitable standards that could base this synthetic approach of the human being. In a second moment, we list all the main aspects of the said anthropology in Sartre's work The Problem of Method. In a third moment, we address Sartre's existential psychoanalysis, revealing its connections with his anthropology and portraying the possibilities of developing a Sartrean existential therapy. Fourthly, we cite Althussier’s works to clarify that Sartre's anthropology answered the problems created by the "sclerosis of marxism”, as well as to elucidate the repercussion of the given criticism within the “official marxism”. In a fifth moment, we present Sartre's criticism of Marx's structuralism. We conclude our study by recollecting the debate between Sartre and Lévi-Strauss. We compare both anthropologies, highlight Sartre's criticism of the structuralist method and point out the contemporaneity of Sartre's thought via his criticism of reductionism. Later on, we defend the resemblance between Sartre’s thesis and hermeneutics.