Análise temporal e avaliação de desigualdade em vitimização por bullying verbal, violência física familiar, violência sexual e envolvimento em brigas com uso de armas, entre adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract

Introduction: Violence is considered a public health problem with serious consequences for the health of those involved. Studies show that the people most involved, as victim or aggressor, are those with the lowest socioeconomic conditions and who live in countries with greater income inequalities. Despite this, there are still few studies that have proposed to monitor the tendency of violence and to evaluate the inequality of wealth and violence with populations of low and middle income countries. Objectives: Analyze the temporal trend of verbal bullying, family physical violence and involvement in fights with weapons among adolescents from Brazilian capitals from 2009 to 2015 and to evaluate the inequality of wealth in different types of violence involving Brazilian adolescents in the year 2015 and to. Materials and Methods: For trend analysis, data were used data from the three editions of the National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar- PeNSE) conducted in the years 2009, 2012 and 2015, with students from the 9th year of elementary school in public and private schools of the 26 Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. Variables related to verbal bullying victimization, family physical violence and involvement in fights with weapons were analyzed. Logistic regression adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics was performed, with analysis for each type of violence for the country as a whole and for the capitals, according to sex. For the spatialization of the tendencies of each type of violence, the regression results for each capital were used. For analysis of inequality, we used data from PeNSE was used in 2015, with a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents. The index of wealth was created from questions about the possession of goods and services through analysis of main components, later this index was divided into quintiles. The slope index of inequality (SII), the concentration index (CIX) and simple measures of inequality as ratio and difference were calculated. To identify statistically significant differences in gender and skin color inequality, the T-test was performed. Results: High prevalence of verbal bullying (23.9%) and family physical violence (14.5%) were observed in 2015. There was a tendency to increase verbal bullying, family physical violence and involvement in fights using firearms and knife, being 10%, 12%, 7% and 7%, respectively. In addition, there were higher concentrations of verbal bullying, family physical violence, sexual violence and involvement in fights with weapons, among adolescents of the lowest quintiles of wealth, for both sexes and all skin colors, except for the involvement in fights with weapons for adolescents of black color. The greatest wealth inequality was found in sexual violence among girls CIX = -14.89 when compared to boys CIX = -4.63 (p = 0.001). In relation to skin color, there was greater inequality in sexual violence among whites CIX = -15.55 when compared tobrowm or mixed race CIX = -6.23 (p = 0.009). Conclusions: There was an increase in the four types of violence analyzed for adolescents in general and also for both sexes, between the years of 2009 and 2015. In addition, wealth inequality among adolescents has led to unequal victimization and involvement in violence, concentrating more intensively among adolescents in the lowest wealth quintiles.