A representação de atores sociais em corpus de redações estilo ENEM : uma análise sob a ótica da semântica de papéis

Abstract

This work has as focus of study the analysis of thematic roles representation performed by social actors in texts written according to the patterns demanded by the Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem). Such examination demands the participant to produce an argumentative dissertation, in prose, using the formal register of Portuguese language, and considering a suggested theme. Also, it is necessary for the participant to present one or more intervention proposals to the problem(s) discussed in the text, having in mind the respect for human rights. Thus, in order to develop the present work, it was used a corpus of study composed by 1.405 texts. Their content was equivalent to 367.565 tokens (running words) and 22.707 types (distinct words), produced between 2009 and 2014, and followed the characteristics demanded by Enem, which are available in Banco de redações (http://educacao.uol.com.br/bancoderedacoes/) from UOL Educação website (http://educacao.uol.com.br/). This website has a section specialized in text production where thematic proposals are provided, and which correct many texts sent by web surfers. Accordingly, the goal of this work was to comprehend the use of representations in order to meet the Enem examination requirements. For this purpose, this research was guided by the bias of theory, methodology and works from Cognitive Linguistics, specifically in which concerns to Grammar of roles (CANÇADO, 2000; 2008). Also, it was based on works from Critical Discourse Analyses, specially about the representation of social agents (van LEEUWEN, 1996; 2008), from Functional-systemic Linguistics (HALLIDAY e MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and from the Corpus Linguistics (NOVODVORSKI, 2008; 2013 e BERBER SARDINHA, 2004; 2009). It was considered both researches based on and guided by corpus, with the aid of the tools provided by the software WordSmith Tools® 6,0 version (SCOTT, 2012). In light of this, it was possible to recognize the characteristics of the proposition to the text production of Enem – considered the most important examination in Brazil that enable the entry into higher education – as well as relevant aspects of texts approached in this context. Therefore, it was accomplished an analysis that allowed to identify and to describe the main thematic roles performed by the social actors selected from this work's corpus of study. This analysis went through the identification of semantic fields and the investigation of the semantic relation constituted between verbs (processes) and its subjects and complements (arguments, social actors, and participants).