Qualidade do emprego e condições de vida dos empregados assalariados rurais agrícolas e não agrícolas das mesorregiões mais e menos modernizadas do Estado de Minas Gerais : um estudo entre os anos 2000 a 2010

Abstract

This work aims to give a contribution to studies about employment quality and workforce life conditions of people living in the rural megaregions of Minas Gerais, specially the paid employee. The focus will be the megaregions of Minas Gerais, distinguished by more and less modernization, in the cultivation of coffee, sugar cane and corn, considering both agricultural employees and families. Taking into consideration the decrease of agricultural employment occurred in the 2000 s and the growth of non-agricultural activities, giving rise to the New Ruralism and the new forms of occupation for the paid job outside agriculture, a comparative analyzes of job quality and life conditions for the non- and agricultural employees will be made. The analyzes will indicate if the non-agricultural employment (ERNAs) leads to a better quality of employment and life conditions, when compared to agricultural one. The results obtained in this work indicate a better level of quality in the agricultural employment for the employees living in the more modernized megaregions and with city residence; the conditions are worse for the employees with rural residence working in the less modernized megaregions. Agricultural employee life conditions were clearly better for those living in the city and worse for those living in the rural area. In this sense, for the agricultural families and employees the rural environment continues to reproduce more precarious conditions in relation to the job, mainly in the poorer megaregions. On the other hand, for non-agricultural employees, job quality index was better than for those agricultural, with the exception of qualified employees living in the rural area of megaregion TMAP and Northwest of Minas Gerais. However, the quality of non-agricultural employment was better for more traditional activities, such as those performed in the more modernized megaregions industries, and it was worse for more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR) in the less modernized megaregions. Life conditions were revealed better for all non-agricultural activities, when compared to the agricultural ones, occurring improvement in all selected activities and showing evolution in the mentioned decade. However, those conditions were worse in the less modernized megaregions, and in terms of number, these regions received the largest number of non-agricultural employees. Even presenting better life conditions, the non-agricultural employees are concentrated in the poorer megaregions and in more precarious activities such as paid domestic work (SDR). In conclusion, more than delve into the study of the impacts of modernization in the paid job in Minas Gerais, this work aims to reveal if working conditions (measured by IQE) and families life conditions (measured by ICV) in the rural area implied improvement for non-agricultural employment in comparison with agricultural employment, and if these changes implied in bigger rural development or if it emphasized more the inequalities in rural areas in Minas Gerais. In this investigation the data from the IBGE 2000 and 2010 Demographic Census were used, in the construction of the IQE and ICV indexes, based on the Balsadi (2005) methodology; for the definition of megaregions more and less modernized the data from Censo Agropecuário and PAM were used.