Cinemática do tronco nos planos sagital e frontal ao longo da aprendizagem de uma tarefa nova: o putting do golfe

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate trunk kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes during the learning of the golf putting task in individuals with no previous golf experience. Twenty participants were allocated to either a control group or an OPTIMAL group. Both groups completed an experimental protocol consisting of pre-test, acquisition, retention, and transfer phases over three consecutive days. Assessments were performed throughout the different phases of the experimental protocol using specific distances from the target (2.0 m, 2.5 m, 5.0 m, and 5.5 m). The OPTIMAL group received additional instructions based on the OPTIMAL theory, including an external focus of attention, autonomy support, and enhanced expectancies for success, whereas the control group received only the basic instructions required to perform the putting task. Trunk range of motion and angular velocity were analyzed in the frontal and sagittal planes using recordings obtained from two GoPro HERO11 cameras and reflective markers placed on anatomical landmarks. Data were analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance to evaluate the effects of group, experimental condition, and the interaction between these factors. A significant effect of experimental condition was observed for all kinematic variables analyzed, indicating changes in trunk range of motion and angular velocity throughout the learning process. However, no significant differences were found between the groups, nor was there a significant interaction between group and condition. These findings suggest that task practice promoted trunk kinematic adaptations during golf putting learning regardless of the instructional strategy adopted in individuals with no previous golf experience.