Uma contribuição dos impactos do carregamento de veículos elétricos em redes de distribuição: análise técnica e uma proposta tarifária para mitigação

Abstract

The increasing electrification of transportation and the rapid expansion of photovoltaic distributed generation have introduced significant operational challenges to electric distribution networks, particularly regarding power quality, hosting capacity, and demand management. In this context, this dissertation systematically investigates the technical impacts associated with the integration of residential electric vehicle chargers into a real distribution feeder obtained from the Geographic Database of the Utility. The study focuses on 7 kW residential chargers, which are predominant in domestic applications, and employs a probabilistic modeling approach to represent the stochastic behavior of EV charging profiles. The proposed methodology integrates the OpenDSS software with the Python environment, enabling Monte Carlo simulations for different levels of EV penetration. Key operational indicators are analyzed, including transformer overloading, technical losses, voltage profiles, and phase imbalance. The results show that the simultaneous penetration of EV chargers can lead to violations of regulatory limits, increasing system losses, reducing voltage levels, and causing overloading in low-capacity transformers. Beyond the technical assessment, this dissertation discusses tariff structures applicable to electromobility, with emphasis on Time-of-Use pricing models and international charging strategies. Based on this analysis, a mitigation strategy is proposed by shifting the probability distribution of charging start times toward periods of higher solar irradiance. The simulations demonstrate that this approach reduces net feeder demand, alleviates transformer loading, improves voltage profiles, and increases the system’s EV hosting capacity. The findings highlight the importance of tariff-driven demand management and reinforce the need for coordinated strategies to support the sustainable integration of electric mobility into distribution networks.