Revisão da literatura sobre o processo de produção de ferro silício (FeSi)

Abstract

Among the metallurgical segments, transformation metallurgy stands out, which consists of processes to obtain products with greater added value. These processes focus on modifying the properties of metals through physical, chemical and mechanical processes. The addition of metal alloys, usually ferroalloys, is used to improve properties such as strength, hardness, ductility and corrosion resistance. These alloys are composed mainly of iron and at least one alloying element such as manganese, silicon, chromium, nickel and others. Ferrosilicon (FeSi) is one of the most widely used alloys and is used as a source of silicon for other processes such as metallothermal reduction, steel deoxidation, manufacturing of metallic silicon and in the production of other alloys. The most common types have 15%, 45%, 75% and 90% silicon, with the remaining percentage composed of iron and other elements such as aluminum and calcium. FeSi is produced through the carbothermic reduction of silica and iron oxide in submerged arc electric furnaces. The commonly used raw materials are quartz, coal or metallurgical coke, and an iron source. The type of furnace commonly used for the production of ferrosilicon is the alternating current electric arc furnace with three electrodes arranged in a triangular shape. These electrodes are submerged in the load and are intended to direct the electric current to the load. The reaction zone can reach up to 2000ºC and occurs at the end of the electrodes, requiring proper positioning. After the reaction process, the molten metal and slag are removed through channels that are constantly opened and closed at the bottom of the furnace. Although it is a process with low slag generation, slag formation occurs due to impurities present in the raw materials, such as aluminum oxide, calcium, and others, which were not adequately reduced. Additionally, in some cases it is necessary to refine the material to control unwanted elements. Finally, it was possible to understand the particularities of this production process, but the need for technological innovation and current scientific research is highlighted so that there is greater competitiveness and sustainability of this production.