Arquitetura segura: Uma proposta de melhores práticas em projetos de combate a incêndio centrada no ser humano

Abstract

The idea of designers working with their monitors in isolation, disconnected from the context and situation, is now obsolete. However, the still prevalent paradigm for projects remains outdated by merely observing isolated monitors in space and time. Projects are present in various branches of modern life, interacting with different professional profiles. Nonetheless, they concentrate on an algorithmic perspective and largely ignore the best way to support humans in the course of action. In some technical areas, there is little evidence that researchers developing such (re)conceptions (software design and fire modeling), or specific components thereof, adopt a participatory approach to design. Thus, this dissertation aims to identify elements of codesign that contribute to improving practices in fire-fighting project design in buildings to address current challenges. This research associates three themes related to ergonomics and design: (i) the development of work activity during the project; (ii) the use of intermediary objects in conception; and (iii) participatory approaches in design. It is understood that user participation and group work from other stakeholders will contribute to generating feasible solutions that lead to effective transformation of the fire safety system. The codesign approach allowed the needs and concerns of users to be considered from the start of the project. The specific objectives can be outlined in four: 1) Investigate and analyze traditional methodologies of fire-fighting design; 2) Survey and analyze national and international standards on fire-fighting design; 3) Define intermediary objects and understand their role in the codesign processes in escape and evacuation projects; and 4) Identify, analyze, and select codesign methods and tools applied to the development of escape and evacuation projects. Additionally, teamwork and collaboration among different stakeholders in the project, such as architects, engineers, fire safety specialists, and public officials, can lead to a wide variety of perspectives and possible solutions. It is understood that feasible solutions will lead to a practical and effective transformation of the fire safety system. This dissertation highlights three relevant points regarding the use of intermediary objects and the Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach. First, these objects are crucial tools for better design practices, providing analysis of the design process and interactions among stakeholders. Second, recognizing them as action resources brings new possibilities for reflection and guidelines to integrate the involved community in the project. Finally, the participation of professionals does not need to be limited to a single intermediary object; systems of instruments, composed of various coordinated objects, can enrich the design process. However, it is essential to create and use these objects coherently and systematically. The study offered suggestions for incorporating a continuous and distributed approach to fire project design, using participation as a tool directed at both the object (the action of designing the technical system) and the other stakeholders (coordinated action), as well as the individual (providing space for their development, learning, and transformation). In conclusion, the human-centered approach (HCD) associated with IDEO would enable a more appropriate approach to the research problem, considering it is a complex issue that requires user participation. A way of addressing the problems of fire-fighting system design, particularly escape and evacuation systems, was proposed. Three suggestion lists are presented for the three phases of a fire-fighting project (before the project, during the project, and after the project).