Expansão energética brasileira e viabilidade da implementação de geração distribuída baseada em fontes renováveis

Abstract

Energy is a central sector for a contry’s operation and the demand for it has increased each year because of the growing population and its needs. The Brazilian expansion program (PNE) is based on hydroelectric generation and predict the use of virtually all potential, including those located in sensitive biomes, until 2030. Finished this source, PNE explores thermoelectric and nuclear generations. Large energy plants are, in general, projects with great environmental impact. Hydroelectric dams generate impacts such as large loss of forest area, displacement of traditional communities, imbalance of ecological relations, changes in water quality and greenhouse gases emition. Thermoelectric plants emit gaseous effluents with large amounts of greenhouse gases, particulates and heavy metals that harm environmental quality and human health. Nuclear plants have impacts on uranium mining and end-of-chain radioactive waste disposal phases, as well as altering the characteristics of water bodies and causing imbalance in the biota. From this analysis, the work verified the feasibility of the energy expansion based on distributed microgeneration (GD) through the deployment of solar panels in homes and businesses. This system proved highly applicable in the country due to the great Brazilian photovoltaic potential, the easy installation, the low environmental impacts and the possibility of avoiding not only large-scale generations, but also the costly distribution of energy in a conventional manner, considering the distance from generating plants.and consumers. The system’s payback is 5-9 years, depending on the consumption, what makes it a interesting possibility considering that it can last up to 30 years. Solar generation would need to be combined with other sources of microgeneration such as wind power or equipped with a battery system for the building in question to be completely independent. However, if the residence is connected to the grid, ANEEL's RN 482/2012 itself allows a free energy loan system that would supply night demand. This impasse could also be solved with investments by the public and private sectors and with the assistance of the concessionaires in the adoption of smart grids, aiming at the absorption of the production and its strategic distribution. Nevertheless, it can be said that GD is a good transition strategy that allows the gradual insertion of cleaner energies into the current system, especially if associated with the increased use of electric vehicles, which can also be supplied by microgeneration, in order to facilitating fleet change Nevertheless, it can be said that GD is a good transition strategy that allows the gradual insertion of cleaner energies into the current system, especially if associated with the increased use of electric vehicles, which can also be supplied by microgeneration, in order to facilitating fleet change through ease of supply - which would ease the pressure to implement large infrastructure - and economic viability.