Intervenção direta do Estado no setor produtivo: o caso Petrobras

Abstract

Petrobras' investments in 2013 reached US $ 53 billion, which compared to Brazil's Gross Fixed Capital Formation (FBKF) that year, was equivalent to almost 10% of the country's entire FBKF. Due to the reinforcement of the local content policy that was in force at that time, it was required that more than 80% of Petrobras' purchases were made in the national para-oil industry, which was a major stimulus for the expansion of the country's industry. However, since the Temer government, Petrobras has suffered an emptying of its local content policy. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of Petrobras' performance as executing public policies to induce the development of the Brazilian industrial sector, especially the sector of suppliers of machinery and equipment for the oil industry. Initially, some seminal theories of the developmental framework are presented, seeking to understand which factors are responsible for the economic backwardness of underdeveloped countries and, what is the role of the State and state-owned companies to overcome this condition. Right after, the origin of the direct intervention of the State in the productive sector is discussed and it is investigated whether even after the wave of privatizations that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, state-owned companies still have a relevant participation in the world economy. Then, the role of state - owned companies is contextualized during the period of implementation of the import substitution industrialization policy in Brazil. Then, to discuss Petrobras' performance as a public policy enforcer in Brazil in two main periods: i) first, during the period of import substitution industrialization, the implementation of the oil industry in the country is analyzed and the contribution Petrobras for the development of a hitherto non-existent chain of suppliers of machinery and equipment for production and, mainly, oil refining; ii) second, during PT's administrations, starting in the 2000s, the impact of the local content policy, whose main executor was Petrobras, on the national para-oil industry is evaluated. The main conclusions of the work are: a) during the period of industrialization by import substitution, it was found that Petrobras' performance was fundamental for the implantation and development of the para -oil industry in Brazil, as it directed its large volume of purchases to suppliers national; accepted higher costs as a way to subsidize the development of the local supply chain; provided guidance and technologically trained the national para-oil industry, and also led the country to reduce the import of oil products and free up foreign exchange for the import of capital goods necessary for the nationalization of production; b) from the 2000s until the middle of the following decade, it was found that the effect of the significant increase in the volume of investments by Petrobras, at the same time that it directed a large part of its purchases to the country's industrial sector, led the chain production of the national para-oil industry to create more than 64 thousand new formal jobs, and to increase by more than R $ 19 billion the Industrial Transformation Value of the sector. Thus, it is concluded that, in the two periods emphasized by this work, Petrobras made a formidable contribution to induce the development of the Brazilian industrial sector, especially that of machinery and equipment for the para-oil industry.