Síntese e caracterização de filmes de óxidos metálicos nanoparticulados para aplicação em células solares sensibilizadas por corante (DSCs)

Abstract

In this work, thin and compact films of TiO2, Nb2O5 and WO3 nanoparticles were prepared to be used as contact/blocking layer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The films were produced by deposition of 30 bilayers of TiO2(ac)/TiO2(bas), TiO2(ac)/Nb2O5(bas) and TiO2(ac)/WO3(bas) using the layer-by-layer technique (LbL) from nanoparticle sols of TiO2 (pH = 2 and 10), Nb2O5 (pH = 10) and WO3 (pH 10) prepared by sol-gel method. The TiO2/TiO2 and TiO2/Nb2O5 underlayers resulted in an increase of 25% and 87% respectively, in the efficiency of DSCs when compared to those without the contact/blocking layers. The application of TiO2/WO3 films did not result in any improvement of DSC efficiency. Factors such as thickness, nanoparticles homogeneity, oxides concentration on the films and roughness directly influence on the efficiency of such films as contact/blocking layer. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images, confirmed that all films are constituted by spherical nanoparticles with homogeneous diameters smaller than 20 nm, resulting on compact and low porous surfaces. This morphology ensures a physical barrier between the electrolyte and the conductive glass used as electrode in DSCs. The TiO2/TiO2 and TiO2/Nb2O5 films also exhibited higher roughness than the surface of the conductive glass without the bilayers, which increases the interaction with the mesoporous TiO2 film. The molar ratios of the species present on the films are controlled by the pH employed during deposition, and were determined by X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Ti4+/Nb5+ and Ti4+/W6+ ratios were 1.6 and 19 respectively, which evidences a higher concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles on the films. For a better understanding of the role of the bilayers on the charge transfer processes, the substrates were analyzed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The electronic properties of the oxides also influence the efficiency of the LbL films as contact/blocking layers. Due to its higher band gap, Nb2O5 nanoparticles impose an electronic barrier to the electrons transfer from the conductive substrate to the electrolyte, additionally to the physical barrier.