fauna flebotomínica, condições sócio- ambientais e a transmissão da Leishmaniose visceral em Uberlândia-MG, Brasil

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is a infect parasitic disease complex with a zoonotic character and vetorial trasmition caused by different morfologic species similar to flagellated protozoa of the Leishmania genus. They represent a serious problem of public health with cases registered on almost all the continents. Despite the existence of drugs with effective action on the parasitics, nearly two million new cases of distints clinic form happen every year and 350 million people are under risk of contracting the disease. As the interest of the pharmaceutical industry in this problem is small because of the reduced potential of lucrative return, once the reached population has a low income, the leishmaniasis is part of the group of the neglected diseases. In addition, it is believed that the environmental transformations and the man's intense migratory process to peripheries of the cities under inadequate conditions of habitation and improvement caused changes in the transmission way of the disease, causing the expansion of the endemic areas and the existence of new focus in urban areas of municipalities of medium and big load. In Uberlândia studies demonstrated that the construction of hydroelectric power station produced ecological modifications and they interfered in the biological communities, like the prevalence of the vectors in the peridomicile area. The general objective of this work was the research around the transmission of leishmaniasis in Uberlândia - MG and had as specific objectives the study of the sandfly fauna, the environmental conditions related to the presence of the Lutzomyia longipalpis, to describe the profile seroepidemiologic of the canine population and to relate the occurrence of the visceral leishmaniase in Uberlândia with the environmental alterations. In the period of february of 2005 to december of 2007 systematized monthly collections were accomplished, using luminous traps models CDC and, in the peridomicile areas of residences closed to the woods, the trap of the type hut of Shannon was used, in 17 places to Araguaia river s margins near of Miranda's hydroelectric power station and Amador Aguiar Naves I and II. They were collected 1.695 phlebotomine sand flies specimens belonging to 16 species. The species of importance epidemic more prevalent were Lutzomyia whitmani (31%) and L. longipalpis (13,3%), reaching up to 44,3% of the total collected specimens. Inquiries canine were accomplished in animals of both sexes and the same or superior age to three months, residents in places of the study area where specimens of L. longipalpis were captured. During the study period 747 dogs were tested and no one showed acting result for the disease. Of the ecological factors analyzed in the study area, the presence of animal shelters in the peridomicile areas of the analyzed residences showed strong influence in the domiciliation of the L. longipalpis and they point for the domiciliation of L. whitmani. Our studies demonstrated although the occurrence of the first case human of human visceral leishmaniase in Uberlândia didn't proceed to the cases of canine leishmaniase. Now the leishmaniase already constitutes a problem of public health in the municipality and the epidemic study is decisive factor for the effective planning of strategies for the control of the disease.