Do nariz coletivo à preparação de uma fisionomia própria: um estudo sobre o fascismo nos escritos do cárcere de Antonio Gramsci

Abstract

This dissertation is a study of Fascism according to the concepts of the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937). In this research it was investigated how Fascism crosses and interconnects the work of this thinker who, opposing the referred political regime, remained for about 11 years almost until his death in the penal institutions of Benito Mussolini (1883-1945). The methodology used was the bibliographical and documentary research. In such limits, we have looked at a research of his writings from the period when he was imprisoned (1926-1937), which are focused on two main sources: Prison notebooks and Prison letters. Because of the inhospitable conditions of writing in prisons and his fragile health, the thinker did not have the opportunity to conduct a systematic organization and proofreading of his work for a post publication. So, our object of study is fragmented as well as fugacious; Gramsci would circumvent the fascist censure in his writings, which took him at times to communicate through codes and, at the same time, with a philosophical language that made possible the development of his analysis concepts about the social reality. Accordingly, the question that leads this research is outlined as it follows: How did Gramsci characterize Fascism in his work on prison system time? The trajectory adopted about this problem, as indicated by the thinker, was triggered from the theory of passive revolution as a historical-political criteria of analysis . In this sense, we investigate the historical events that Gramsci in his writings classified as passive revolutions, namely: Risorgimento, Americanism and Fascism. Such phenomena are distinct, but interconnected through this concept, properly in the reflections on historical process and political events from the epoch the philosopher writes. Furthermore, the concept of passive revolution is interconnected with the notion of war of position. Therefore, Americanism and Fascism are responses to the revolutionary process started with the October Revolution in Russia, in 1917. The world in the early 20th century was immersed in an organic crisis of the capitalist system, and two social forces, bourgeoisie and proletariat, disputed the hegemony. However, the dispute occurred in an unequal way: if the ruling class had inexhaustible resources to maintain its hegemony, the subaltern ones should be unified in order to become a hegemonic class and conscious of its historical commitment. In these conditions, the passive revolutions shed in imposing strategies that reinforce the ruling class and come apart the dominated ones. Gramsci, in this elaborated and hampered obstacle of the ruling class, develops an action strategy for the lower classes of western countries that have an advanced capitalist: the war of position. Hence, this study presents Gramsci s analysis of concepts, in view of the fight against Fascism and going beyond the bourgeois civilization that, by failing to develop in the progressive process, made possible the human massification and barbaric conditions of modern authoritarian regimes. The modern man, in the highest degree of individualism, have lost his physiognomy in a collective nose in massification, which made him superfluous. It still remains the search for a new meet , creating a new society in a new conception of the world that allows man to develop his individuality, his full humanity that, in the same time, can only be found in the human community; here is a Gramscian suggestion for this aspect: through the philosophy of praxis.