Síndrome de Lise Tumoral: protocolo clínico para diagnóstico, profilaxia e tratamento

Abstract

Tumor Lysis Syndrome is a potentially life-threatening oncologic emergency resulting from the rapid destruction of tumor cells and the massive release of intracellular contents into the systemic circulation. This process leads to significant metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, including hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia, which may progress to acute kidney injury, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. This study aimed to review the pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, prophylactic strategies, and treatment of TLS, with emphasis on evidence-based clinical management. The methodology consisted of a narrative literature review, including recent publications relevant to the topic. Preventive measures such as aggressive hydration, the use of uric acid–lowering agents, and strict laboratory monitoring were identified as essential to reduce the incidence and severity of the syndrome. In established cases, prompt correction of metabolic abnormalities and timely initiation of renal replacement therapy, when indicated, significantly contribute to improved prognosis. It is concluded that effective management of tumor lysis syndrome requires the implementation of standardized clinical protocols, enabling early recognition and safe decision-making in high-risk oncologic patients.