Formas alternativas de se produzir etanol: uma análise sobre o etanol de primeira, segunda e terceira geração

Abstract

The present study aims to analyze and compare different forms of ethanol production, focusing on first, second, and third generations. The use of biofuels, such as ethanol, emerges as a more sustainable alternative, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and being less harmful to health and the environment. The demand for biofuels is increasing, and a significant increase in production is necessary to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. Brazil has expertise in bioenergy and is a major producer of first-generation ethanol, mainly obtained from sugarcane. However, it faces challenges related to competition for agricultural land and environmental impacts. Second-generation lignocellulosic ethanol utilizes agricultural waste as raw material but still faces technical and financial challenges. Third-generation ethanol, obtained from algae, presents interesting potentialities such as higher photosynthetic efficiency and lower competition for agricultural resources, but its commercial-scale production still requires technological advancements. The efforts of the company Raízen in the construction of second-generation ethanol plants stand out, demonstrating Brazil's commitment to seeking more sustainable solutions. It is important to diversify advanced feedstocks, such as algae and biomass, to achieve sustainability goals. It is concluded that first-generation ethanol remains the main source of production in Brazil, while second and third generations still face challenges. Continuous investments in research, development, and innovation are essential to advance these technologies and achieve a more sustainable future in ethanol production, contributing to the fulfillment of goals established in the Conference of the Parties (COPs) and the Paris Agreement in combating climate change.