A gênese do conceito de proletariado na obra de Marx: crítica da filosofia do direito de Hegel - introdução (1843 - 1844)

Abstract

This paper aims to find the first mention (the genesis) made by Karl Marx to the concept proletariat; in our view, the definition of this concept marks a turning point and, therefore, a change of directions in the formation of his intellectual trajectory. On this path, the research attempted to identify the common thread that guided Marxian studies, and found it, from the moment Marx was forced to answer questions of political economy - to which and for which, he first revealed, he did not have sufficient knowledge for adequate answers. However, these questions did not leave him, and this question haunted him for years, as it remained in his head, forcing him to study political economy in detail. The answers came in bits and pieces, and could only be answered completely after years of study, which unfolded into many works and a lot of knowledge. In his studies, with a specialized literature on the intersections of philosophy with anthropological and sociological data, he had as his primary discovery the way in which we organize ourselves to produce and reproduce our existences, namely: the dialectical mode of production of material life. For Marx, the true history of men is realized from a dialectical movement that governs the relations established in material production, not the idealistic history of the "people's spirit" defended by Hegel and his commentators: new and old Hegelians. The concept of "proletariat" appears later, when the minor philosophical quibbles were abandoned to give way to the objective analysis of material production that would guarantee him a true knowledge about the dialectic of the necessary mode of production of human life. For it was through the material way, throughout the evolution of man, that he sought to increase the sustenance for his existence and that of his family. This search was only possible, Marx explains in general terms, through the Asiatic, ancient, feudal and capitalist modes of production in which the concept of proletariat appears. This work is justified by the subject proletarian, today expanded and still little understood, as well as the relevance that the author has today, both as an enlightener for those who study it, and for those who have only common sense - deformed - as information. Thus, at the end, an attempt is made to answer the initial question of the genesis of the concept "proletarian", and a panoramic comment is made about the ideas that the Brazilian common sense has formed about the author in the contemporary period (2013-2022) and about communism.