Civilizar, moralizar e higienizar: renovação pedagógica na instrução pública primária no estado de Goiás (1918-1944)

Abstract

This thesis has as object of study the pedagogical renewal in primary public instruction in the state of Goiás, from 1918 to 1944 and is inscribed in the field of Education, linked to the research line: History and Historiography of Education. It is a qualitative research of documentary nature that used the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Cultural History to analyze the process of pedagogical renewal in primary public instruction in Goiás. The general objective was to analyze the pedagogical renewal process in primary public education in the state of Goiás, from 1918 to 1944. The guiding question of this research was to find out how the process of pedagogical renewal occurred in primary public education in the state of Goiás, from 1918 to 1944. The listed problem triggered other questions: what were the government's initiatives to renew primary public education? What theoretical-pedagogical guidelines oriented the reforms? What strategies were used? What innovations were prescribed? How were these prescriptions disseminated? Was there a political interest in these prescriptions? Specifically, we aim to: examine the laws enacted in the period from 1918 to 1944, checking whether they brought innovations to the state's primary public education and to the training of teachers and on which guidelines they were based; to verify if the assumptions of New School were used in the pedagogical renewal process in Goiás public primary education; to investigate whether nationalist ideology and morality influenced the reforms in primary public education in Goiás; to verify if hygienist ideas were incorporated in the process of pedagogical renewal in primary public education in Goiás. The documentary corpus was made up of Goiás Laws (laws and decrees), messages and reports from the governors / presidents of the state of Goiás, the Goiás Official Mail (1918-1944) and the Revista de Educação de Goiás (1937-1944). Republicans saw the school as a place to moralize and civilize the population, making it healthy, disciplined and productive. But, for that, it needed to renew the teaching, so they chose the New School assumptions to subsidize the reforms of the primary and normal education of the state, which generated the enactment of innumerable laws with emphasis on the regulations and the programs of the Primary and Normal Education. It was not enough to teach, it needed to know how to teach, for this the government invested in the formation of the primary teacher with the publication of the Revista de Educação de Goiás whose objective was to disseminate the New School assumptions and to train the teacher in the new pedagogical methods, as well as to hold the Teaching Congress Primary School, following the same principles highlighted in the Magazine. The Goiás Official Mail was also a vehicle for the propagation of the New School, for the publication of government acts and the dissemination of nationalist ideas. The reforms provided the curricular reformulation, the serialization, the technical-administrative equipment, the expansion of the school network, the training of teachers, the direction of teaching practices with the implementation of new child-centered teaching methods. The teaching method chosen by the renovators was the intuitive method. Despite using the New School assumptions to reform teaching, the sources evidenced the presence of a non-secular New School, which diverges from its principles. However, we note that the governments that were in charge of the public administration of the state of Goiás in the period from 1918 to 1944 carried out several prescriptions with the purpose of renewing primary public education.