Cepas TgChBrUD2 e ME49 de Toxoplasma gondii induzem polarização de macrófagos humanos para o perfil M1

Abstract

Several immunological mechanisms are responsible for the control of Toxoplasma gondii infection. The immune response occurs initially because of the participation of innate immune cells, in which macrophages play an important role. The existence of atypical strains of T. gondii with a genetic pattern different from clonal strains lead concern worldwide, principally because these strains cause severe symptoms especially in immunocompromised individuals and congenitally infected newborn. In this sense, we investigated the in vitro polarization of human macrophages to M1 or M2 profile after the infection with RH, ME49 clonal strains and TgChBrUD2 Brazilian strain. THP-1 cells were treated with PMA to induce their differentiation into macrophages. The cells were plated and infected with T. gondii tachyzoites from TgChBrUD2, RH or ME49 strains at a 2:1 (parasites: host cell) ratio or incubated only with medium (control uninfected cells). The supernatant was collected for cytokine analysis and measurement of nitrite. The macrophages were used for quantification of urea, evaluation of parasitism, analysis of morphology and surface markers. Our results showed an up-regulation of MIF during infection by TgChBrUD2, RH and ME49, and low levels of IL-10 compared to control. In addition, TgChBrUD2-infected macrophages show high levels of IL-6 production compared to non-infected macrophages and RH infection. Regarding secretion of nitrite, the infection by TgChBrUD2 exhibited high levels of nitrite compared to control and RH infection. The urea production showed a down-regulation in macrophages infected with TgChBrUD2 and ME49 in comparison to control. The analysis of morphology revealed that TgChBrUD2-infected macrophages induced the cells to change their morphology to spindle shaped. On the other hand, PCR analysis showed an increased amount of T. gondii DNA in RH-infected macrophages compared to infection with TgChBrUD2 and ME49. Thus, our results showed that RH strain produced an insuficient pro-inflamatory response that influenced the proliferation of parasite, in contrast, TgChBrUD2 and ME49 induced characteristic factors of polarization to M1 macrophages, in which the atypical strain showed high production of pro-inflamatory mediators that helped to countain the replication of this strain.