Infecções por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente aos carbapenêmicos em hospital de nível terciário: epidemiologia e caracterização

Abstract

Introduction: The carbapenem resistance among bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae, is becoming a serious problem in hospitals through different mechanisms that may act alone or combined, such as changes in outer membrane permeability with the porin loss associated with the overproduction of β-lactamases ESBL and AmpC or the specific production of KPC. These infections by Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to carbapenems (CRKP) are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs. Objectives: In our study, we describe the epidemiology and clinical outcomes associated with CRKP infections as well as the risk factors associated with 30 days hospital mortality among these patients and characterize resistance mechanisms: AmpC, ESBL, MBL and KPC. Methods: Case study (patients with infections CRKP) vs. control (uninfected by KPRC) at a ratio of 1:2, detected by laboratory surveillance and collecting demographics dates, co-morbidities, use of invasive procedures and antimicrobial use and patient outcome by checking medical records, between November / 2007 to May/2011. Characterization of phenotypic AmpC, KPC and ESBL performed with the test boronic acid as neutralizing enzyme test and synergism with imipenem-EDTA for MBL. The presence of genotype blaKPC was performed by PCR. Results: In total, 63 patients were included, with 22 patients infected by CRKP in different anatomical sites, predominantly bloodstream infections (40%). Resistance to ertapenem, meropenem and imipenem was 100%, 68.2% and 45.4%, respectively. Statistical analysis by logistic regression of risk factors for infection by CRKP showed the following as independent variables: malignancy (P = 0.025, OR = 63.74, 95% CI 1.69 to 2409.05), Charlson co-morbidity index ≥ 3 (P = 0.033, OR = 7.90, 95% CI, 1.18 to 52.80) and use of fluoroquinolones (P = 0.005, OR = 18.92, 95% CI, 2.42 - 147.81). The ESBL phenotype was most frequent (90.9%), followed by AmpC (63.6%) and blaKPC (14%), and usually combined. The presence of co morbidities ≥ 3 (P = 0.027, OR = 7.65 95% CI, 1.26 to 46.53) and KPRC infection (P = 0.026, OR = 4.91 95% CI, 1, 21 to 20.05) were associated with 30-day hospital mortality, and there was significant mortality in infected patients 54.5% (P = 0.026, OR = 3.72, 95% CI, 1.24 to 11.19) with an attributed mortality rate of 25.2%. Conclusion: The mortality rate associated with CRKP infection and the limited antimicrobial options for treatment highlight the need for improved laboratory detection, mainly KPC producing isolates, points out that it s crucial to implement efficient infection control measures to limit the spread of these pathogens in hospitals from countries with limited resources as Brazil.